Impacts of converting from leaded to unleaded gasoline on ambient leadconcentrations in Jakarta metropolitan area
Akira KONDO , Esrom HAMONANGAN , Satoshi SODA , Akikazu KAGA , Yoshio INOUE , Masaharu EGUCHI , Yuta YASAKA
DOI:
Received July 28, 2006,Revised October 14, 2006, Accepted , Available online
Volume 19,2007,Pages 709-713
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Total suspended particulate mater (TSP) concentrations were monitored for one year from July 2000 and for one year from April
2003 in Jakarta City. Thirteen elemental TSP components, aluminum (Al), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), potassium (K), zinc
(Zn), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), bromine (Br), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and vanadium (V) were analyzed by a
sequential X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Al, Na, Fe, K, and Pb were major components at most of the sampling locations in 2000.
However, only Pb in 2003 dramatically decreased to one tenth. The phase-out of leaded gasoline began on July 1, 2001 in Jakarta
City and lead content in gasoline decreased to one tenth, too. The decrease in Pb concentration was a result of the phase-out of leaded
gasoline, as lead emissions mainly are exhaust gas from vehicles.
